Scope:
New equipments within Egron Building
Additional Access left of the building
Things I've learned:
1. Retrofitting of existing concrete columns/girders can be done by:
a. providing 45 degree - knee braces
b. providing diagonal knee braces
c. providing vertical knee braces
d. providing vierendeel trusses
e. providing intermediate steel beams
2. There are instances where I was asked to "release" the ends of overstressed girders (considered hinge) as "it will develop a plastic hinge when loaded" as per my boss. I researched over the net about plastic hinge:
"In structural engineering beam theory the term, plastic hinge, is used to describe the deformation of a section of a beam where plastic bending occurs.
Plastic behaviour
In plastic limit analysis of members subjected to bending, it is assumed that an abrupt transition from elastic to ideally plastic behaviour occurs at a certain value of moment, known as plastic moment (Mp). Member behaviour between Myp and Mp is considered to be elastic. When Mp is reached, a plastic hinge is formed in the member. In contrast to a frictionless hinge permitting free rotation, it is postulated that the plastic hinge allows large rotations to occur at constant plastic moment Mp.
Plastic hinges extend along short lengths of beams. But detailed analyses have shown that it is sufficiently accurate to consider beams rigid-plastic, with plasticity confined to plastic hinges at points. While this assumption is sufficient for limit analysis, finite element formulations are available to account for the spread of plasticity along plastic hinge lengths[2].
By inserting a plastic hinge at a plastic limit load into a statically determinate beam, a kinematic mechanism permitting an unbounded displacement of the system can be formed. It is known as the collapse mechanism. For each degree of static indeterminacy of the beam, an additional plastic hinge must be added to form a collapse mechanism." (Wikepedia.org)
3. Overstresses up to 3.0 on footings can be accepted but with risks involved. Damage can be rapairable. Also, diagonal braces can be placed throwing the column loads on nearby footings and release the column with diversion braces. Columns can also be assigned as "hinged" by making the existing column to baseplate connection as "hinged"
4. Overstresses up t0 1.25 on concrete columns and girders were accepted. Better use 1.2.
